Collective Intelligence
… we formally argue that general collective intelligence arises from groups achieving commitment to group goals, accurate shared beliefs, and coordinated actions…
… For example, one important property of any task is the presence or absence of a verifiably correct answer. Well-structured tasks are characterized by verifiably correct answer(s), while ill-structured tasks are characterized by a lack of predetermined or demonstrably correct solutions (Jonassen, 1997; Schraw et al., 1995). Thus, different ill-structured tasks often require different cognitive processes such as increased coordination, whereas different well-structured tasks often share common elements, such that similar cognitive processes can be used (Jonassen, 1997; Schraw et al., 1995).
- Cybernetics
- The study and management of feedback looks (which could be composed of electrons, information, people, etc)
- The Cathedral
- A large overarching project whose design and administration is handled by a small number of influential people with very in-depth knowledge of the internals of the project, who lead a massive team of underlings who execute their vision.
- The Bazaar
- A collection of small, related projects who share a common culture and common protocols by small teams. Or a large project being collectively-designed and run by a large amount of small independent teams.